Human developed Indicators rank: Australia: 5 Ethiopia: 168 China: 96 by http://hdr.undp.org shows that countries have already been put into appropriate terms on the countries development.

Terms

MDC= More Developed Country

LDC= Less Developed Country

NIC= Newly Industrialised Country



Economic Growth

Ref as Table 1

Australia Ethiopia China

GDP growth rate % 2.3% 7.3% 7.3%

GDP 368.6 b 6.4 b 1.2 t

GNI per Capita 19,770 100 890

Exports $68.8 b 442m 262.1b

Services % to GDP 69.9 36.5 30.9

Agriculture added to % GDP 3.3 52.3 19.1

Industrial added to % GDP 26.8 11.1 50.0

Exports of goods and services% 20.1 15.8 23.1

Imports goods and services % 21.0 24.9 18.1

Indicators: Bibliography

As the three countries show, these indicators prove that in Ethiopia and China that there is rapid growth especially in the Chinese embassy where the GDP is 1.2 Trillion. However, this GDP is not evenly distributed in China as Australia is. For $368.6 b and the distribution of $19,770 shows the advantages of a more ‘evenly’ distributed income flow in Australia. Also, it shows that Ethiopia shares more of its GDP as it only makes about $6.4b of it and $100 is a more even amount then the 1.2 Trillion for $890 each. Also, as can be seen, the countries creation of GDP varies greatly, in Australia, its GDP is more evenly created besides from agriculture. As can be seen in Ethiopia, they still concentrate more then half of their GDP products into Agriculture neglecting the other percentages into small groups. China, as it has begun industrialising has concentrated more on industrial production and also leaving limited space for the others. So, Australia could sum as a country in which is a even type economy, Ethiopia concentrates on raw materials and are primary producers whereas China is more of a secondary industry with raw materials.

Employment and Unemployment

Ref as Table 2

Australia Ethiopia China

Unemployment 6.7% 50% 10%

Workforce 15 and up 9.2m N/A 706m

Population total 19.4 m 65.8 m 1.3 b

Indicators: Bibliography

As can be seen here, the workforces of the three countries vary greatly. Shown in the figures of employment, Australia has a low unemployment rate which China has a low unemployment rate as well (however with a big population, it is a higher unemployment then can be thought), and Ethiopia’s unemployment is very high. China has a good record as it only has 10% unemployment for a greater population of 1.3 billion whereas Ethiopia is struggling with employment because of its lack of jobs and its main concentration in the agricultural from the table 1, which shows that there are not enough jobs.

Quality of life

Ref as Table 3

Australia Ethiopia China

Mortality rate p/1000 infant 5.3 98.0 32.0

Life expectancy 80 44.21 71.86

Literacy 100 35.5 81.5

Malnutrition prevalence %: 1 N/A 10.0

Urban Population 91.1 15.9 36.7

Population below Poverty 1 64 10

Fresh water resource per capita 18,350.5 1,710.8 2,241.3

Personal computers per 1000 464.6 0.9 15.9

Indicators: Bibliography

The quality of life between the countries can be examined as a very good quality of life, an average quality of life and an extremely poor quality of life. The quality of life as can be seen for Australia is that they receive much more water resources then any of the other countries do however Australia does have a smaller population to handle therefore it is not difficult to support the country. As also can be seen, to survive in the three countries when birth takes place, or infant mortality rate, shows that Australia is a very efficient country when it comes to helping children survive. China is second however still needing a little more improvement but the worst of all is Ethiopia’s infant mortality rate of 10% showing much needed development in health, which adds on that Ethiopia’s life expectancy is 44.21 years. The standard means of living also in the world would mean wealth as well in knowledge and assets. Seen on the table, literacy is the most important means of knowledge in order to learn, which shows Australians reading 100% and with China nearly reaching maximum literacy. Whereas Ethiopia is still struggling to even reach half the population literacy. For countries technological advancement, the percentage of people living in urban areas is starting to be a much greater trend for countries, like Australia, which does not have much GDP% in agriculture as countries such as Ethiopia, has agriculture of over 50%. Whereas, China is starting to improve in their industries and becoming less and less dependent on agriculture, which is encouraging, more urban population build up.

One of the greatest living standards acceptable now is the being an owner of a computer and has enough electricity to run it, which shows that Australia has over 464, 600 people owning a computer in Australia, as well as urban, China is also having a small increase and Ethiopia practically owns less then 1% of computers.

This shows that Australia’s standard of living is the best, China is a country, which strives on improvement as an NIC, and Ethiopia is very well behind either these two countries.

Environmental Quality

Ref as Table 4

Australia Ethiopia China

Annual Deforestation 0.0 0.8 -1.2

CO2 emissions metric tons p. capita 17.1 0.0 2.07

Energy use per capita (oil p kg): 5640.5 289.1 903.3

Electricity use per capita (kwh): 8303.2 22.2 701.8

Improved water source % 100 24.0 75.0

Indicators: Bibliography

The above table shows that one country causes most environmental damage and the other two countries Ethiopia and China are more environmentally protected. It can be observed per capita that Australia exceeds in polluting the world with more CO2 per metric tons per capita, Energy use per capita and electricity use per capita. This shows that although Australia is a more developed country it is also a country which releases much more then a 100% over each country per capita in pollution. However, population wise the figures overall for use of energy could be calculated for Australia 51,892,600,000 (oil p kg) and China 1,174,290,000,000 (oil p kg) (eg, Aus: 1.9 m x 5640.5). Showing that individually that MDC’s consume more but that the Chinese population consumes alot more overall. However, a more healthy side to the quality of life is of the improved water source, which enables people access to fresh water and for sea animals in general. Australia’s water source is the best with 100% followed up closely by China with 75% whereas Ethiopia’s water source is terrible with only 24% fresh water resource.

The role of Government in Health Care, Education and Welfare Payments.

Ref as Table 5

Australia Ethiopia China

Total Health Expenditure per capita 2,213 17 205

Total health expenditure GDP % 8.3 4.6 5.3

Malnutrition prevalence %u5 0 N/A 10.0

Overall Budget Balance 64.1 b 1.9 b 191.8 b

Budget Expenditure 84.1 b 1.9 b 191.8 b

Military % 2 12.6 3.5

% Gov expenditure on education 13.5 13.7 17.0

GDP 368.6 b 6.4 b 1.2 t

Tax % 32 % 7% 15%

Indicators: Bibliography

As can be seen, the countries with more development will have greater access in spending and greater access to improve health and education and the economy. It shows that the government has a huge influence over the economy. Already Australia is able to spend a huge amount per capita on each person for health. It shows that nearly 10% of GDP goes to the economy for health. There is practically no malnutrition in Australia; there is 10% in China however unknown in Ethiopia. As can be seen, it shows of the spending of education in the two economies showing that the Australian and Ethiopian economy is the same whereas the Chinese government is going high to support the growing population. The government in the Ethiopian sector spends over 10% on its GDP on military showing that the country is always under constant struggle against one country/force or trying to keep its political position. Australia and China tend to spend less then 5% however each of these countries GDP is large enough to exceed Ethiopia’s 12% spending. For the governments to support all the above summaries, the taxation needs to be in place to inject into the economy the certain percentages of the GDP. It is seen that the Australian government taxes more then the other two economies, China is in between on 15% and Ethiopia is on a low 7%.

Summary:

The three countries analysed are shown to have at least some development from very well developed, newly industrialised or halfway to development and a low developed country. The indicators show that the rank of these countries as either MDC’s, LDC’s or NIC’s is true. Australia is very well developed; China is less developed but soon to reach the phase of an MDC. Ethiopia is an LDC, which may never grow out of its state of poverty.

The reality for many women leaders is that they often have to perform twice as well as men to be accepted as equals. At the same time, society expectations and maternal instincts require them to shoulder equivalent responsibilities at home as well. Compared to their male counterparts who have always been stereotyped as the gender who leads, the woman’s path to power has been onerous. The eternal balancing act women must perform between the domestic sphere and their public sphere has been largely unseen and unappreciated. Hence this paper dubbed them the chameleon fighter and the barrier breakers – for the many different roles they play, the barriers they overcome and their perseverance in bringing about excellence in their respective fields.

People have been accustomed to recognizing as leaders only those who hold formal or positional posts on an organizational grid. However leaders can come in many different forms. They are a special breed of people who are willing to spend countless hours in pursuing issues, projects sustained by this vision they believe in and which in one way or another have an impact on the lives of people around them. Woman leaders can either be the President of a country, a democracy fighter, an advocate or even our mothers. This paper wishes to recognize the woman leaders in Asia who have overcome socioeconomic, racial and national boundaries to be where they are today

Whats so remarkable about these women?

In Asia, most countries remain pre-dominantly patriarchal. Women are relegated to culturally defined ‘domestic roles’ The percentage of women holding local government seats in the Asia-Pacific ranges from 2 to 33 percent, says a study commissioned by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for the Asia-Pacific.

Women political leaders in Asia have mostly rose to power in times of crisis and inherited their family power usually a father or a husband ( e.g Corazon Aquino, Violeta Chamorro, Indira Ghandi, Isabel Peron). Compared to women political leaders in the west such as Margaret Thatcher and Golda Meir, very few women in Asia rose to power without the help of connections from powerful families. Nevertheless that does not make their path of leadership any lighter or easier. They faced even greater challenges as they have to carry on the legacy of their male predecessors or even surpass them in their rule. They may have to rival with attempted coups d’etat or constant opposition from their male counterparts to stay on in power. As President Aquino aptly puts it, holding on to power in the face of illegitimate challenges was a greater challenge than achieving power.

President Aquino – The woman who broke the barriers of impossibility

In 1986, Aquino became the first woman to be president of the Philippines after leading a peaceful revolution overthrowing the Marcos regime.

The first impossibility – a ‘peaceful’ revolution.

Stalin claimed that “you can’t make a revolution with silk gloves.” Edward Bulwer-Lytton, the British 19th century novelist, believed that “revolutions are not made with rose water.” On the campaign trail and even on the day of voting, it became clear that Aquino’s main asset was, quite simply, herself and her faith in God. By reviving the promise of democracy without bloodshed, all too rare in the past, Aquino probably disproved the theories of a ‘revolution’.

The second impossibility – conquering the male dominated political hierarchy.

In a nation dominated for decades by a militant brand of macho politics, she conquered with tranquility and grace. To come to power, Aquino had only to be herself. But to stay in power, she had to transcend herself. She had successfully transformed herself from a self-effacing lady to a self-confident leader. Her success in doing so had gained respect even in the While House. From their initial doubts about this petite grandmother’s ability to rule to a state department official’s comments on how Aquino had “ hard – bitten politicians eating out of her hands”, she had certainly still many of the doubts about her ability to govern.

The third impossibility – picking up the mess.

Aquino had also disprove the predictions of her husband, who used to say that whoever succeeded Marcos was “doomed to fail” because of the troubles the person would inherit. She ended up with that chaos, communist threats and a weak economy. In addition, she enjoyed no transition period and no advance planning. To make matters worse, she has had to manage a three-party government made up of moderates, leftists and the military. However ever since she came into power, her presence and her free enterprise policies have already restored a little business confidence. Despite repeated coup attempts and a mixed record of success, Corazon Aquino remained in office for more than six years.

The fourth impossibility – maintaining a balance between her private life and her public life

Aquino recognized that in mastering politics, there is a danger of politics mastering her. She may become less and less the ordinary person – attending PTA meetings, making pasta and praying with her children. Her struggles in trying to maintain this balance between acting like a President and like a mother to her children or even a friend to her close ones suggests the challenge of the many different roles she has to play and play it well.

Aung San Suu Kyi: Burmese dissident leader :The woman who breaks the barrier of oppression

Aung San Suu Kyi is the leader of the pre-democracy movement and co-founder of the National League for Democracy of Burma. She has been under house arrest for nearly 6 years because of her attempts to introduce democratic reforms into her country. Her courageous leadership of the nonviolent struggle for the restoration of human rights and democracy in her country has won her the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991.

Making a difference in the lives of oppressed people in her country – Her moral courage and activism.

She is an inspirational leader who identifies with the struggle of her country. She took it upon herself to form a democratic system of government in which all the regions and ethnic groups of Burma would be represented. Her single – minded persistence in attaining a goal, an unswerving determination and steadfastness of purpose prevent her from giving up even in the face of persecution and adversity.

She has also pleaded with leaders around the world to support the Burmese quest for democracy and unity. For her courage, determination and perseverance, she is internationally recognized and countries all over the world have supported her cause. Her activism is a symbol also of the greater political role women can play in Asia and how women are capable of making a difference.

Anamah Tan – solicitor and more importantly, the woman who breaks the barrier of woman’s under representation in Singapore.

A leader in the legal circle.

Anamah Tan is a leader in the many different roles she play. She started up her own company Ann Tan & Associates in 1984 and has been well known in the legal circle as a devoted and dedicated family lawyer. Her passion for her legal work and the desire to do service to the community led her to become one of the founders of the Singapore Association of Woman Lawyers. The clinic was started 22 years and till today has grown into 17 centres supported by woman lawyers giving free legal aid to the community.

A leader in the community of woman, an activist for the rights of woman.

Anamah is also benevolently known as the ‘mother of all woman’s organisation’ in Singapore. She was the President of the Singapore Council of Woman’s Organizations from 1992 to 2000. It is an umbrella body of 40 women’s organizations who is committed to advance the cause of women. One of its many goals is to promote and improve the status of women especially in education, economics, social welfare and community involvement, culture and sports. Her popularity and her excellence in this field is seen in her recurring nominations for President four times in a row – a feat no other female achieved!

A leader in her family.

Anamah has been a single parent for more than 10 years. She was not put down by her unhappy and painful experience. She learned how to cope and more importantly gathered courage and determination in these difficult years. She did not go into pieces but picked up her pieces and painted a beautiful picture with all that she has achieved thus far. She has succeeded not only in the different contributions she made to society but in her family she is the leader to her children, a courageous mother who had overcome the odds of being a single parent.

A leader to the young woman of Singapore.

For all her successes in the legal circle or her active fight for the rights of woman, she is friendly, humble, kind and approachable. She is not your hard and aggressive fighter for woman’s rights instead her matronly approach has win her support young and old, political and apolitical alike. She is the epitome of a true woman leader – dedicated, fervent and enthusiastic in pursuing her goals yet humble and never forgetting her roots at the end of the day.

Mothers— the unrecognized leader in the household.

Mothers are women leaders of the house. Their leadership in their homes has more often than not been overlooked and discounted. They play a great and crucial role in shaping their children to be what they are when they grow up.

All that I am, or hope to be, I owe to my angel mother.” -Abraham Lincoln

Modern mothers often have to make sacrifices in their careers, some even giving up their dreams completely in order to nurture their children and take care of the household. For the million things she gave up and give to the family, for the perseverance in managing the household, for the heartache and unseen tears shed for her children, for the love she emblems, for the role model she always has to be, mothers truly deserve our respect and recognition for the providing the guiding light in all the children’s lives

What can be done to recognize and improve woman leadership roles in Asia?

In the political arena, perhaps Asia governments could take a leaf from Norway to impose a minimum number of female representatives in the government in order to encourage female leaders to rise up and not be overshadowed by barriers posed by the patriachial societies. This will enhance a qualitative change in decision-making through women’s role as transformative leaders, promoting a gender agenda and good governance.

In the business arena, barriers to equal access to credit, finance, science and technology and market development are still very real. Women entrepreneurs need to come together and forge alliances to support other aspiring women entrepreneurs.

Government and economic communities should not impose glass ceilings and must recognize that female can play a potent role in leading the economy as well as the country. Women can be more consensus oriented and empathetic than men. Even as some of the countries in Asia such as China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia have signed and ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) many of these have not taken specific steps to implement the Convention. E.g. Women still form a very small minority in the governments of the countries mentioned.

Conclusion:

The legacy the above women left which make them such great leaders is their ability to break the insurmountable barriers which challenge them in their individual role. All of them tackled their barriers or even unpleasant experiences with equanimity. President Aquino overcame the male dominated political hierarchy to be the President of Philippines. She also overcame all odds by gaining the respect of even the first world countries leaders. Aung San Suu Kyi bore the barrier of opposition and persecution from the Burmese militant government in her pursue of democracy for her country. Anamah Tan recognizes the unequal playing field for woman in Singapore and speaks up for it in the various women organizations she took part to form. Lastly, a tribute paid to all mothers who are leaders in the hearts of their little children.

In looking at these two painting the first object that strikes the eye is the people. In Gin Lane the people are illustrated as being dressed in rags and verythin probably suffering from starvation as seen with the man taking the dog s bone, and also in the man who is sitting down passed out and the end of the steps. This is a direct result of people spending all of their money on their next cup of gin. They are also suffering from disease as seen with the woman in who is dropping her baby has ulcerated legs. Everyone looks as if they are drunk, passed out, or hungover. While in the painting Beer Street everyone is dressed well and isvery plump which is a sign that they are well fed and are prosperous. They are not plagued by disease and seem very happy with life and what it brings.

The next element that comes to one s eye is what these people are doing. In Gin Lane people are rioting at the distiller in order to get more gin. A woman is soengulfed in her drunken state that her baby falls; while other people are seen trying to pawn items in order to buy more gin. In the back of the painting people can be are seen as putting a body into a casket; while a dead body hangs from the top of an old abandoned building. On the other hand people in the painting BeerStreet everyone has some sort of reading material and one man is painting apicture. Also someone is being carried by carriage which is an indicator of wealth.

The women in the picture are carrying fresh fish and vegetables which reiterates the fact that people are well fed, and in the background the expansion of a building is taking place.

The final element that strikes one s eye is that of the buildings. In Gin Laneall the buildings are falling to ruin due to neglect. The only buildings that are standing are the pawnbroker, distiller, and the undertaker. This clearly conveys what the excessive use of gin can do to a society. On the other end of the spectrum on Beer Street we see that all the buildings are intact except for that of the pawnbroker. Some of the buildings are even undergoing expansion for this growing city. The pawnbroker s building is broken down due to the fact that he isn`t getting any business which is a direct cause from the people not needing to buy gin.

In the two paintings by William Hogarth he conveys his attitude towards the growing social problem of alcoholism and how to resolve it. By using his skill in art he is able to ascertain this goal and satirize one of his times many problems without writing down a single word. In Hogarth s two companion paintings GinLane and Beer Street he contrasts the effects on society by two different alcoholicbeverages and illustrates that beer is the way toward societal reform.

It is important however for all sides to understand and agree to the primary aspect (attitude-feeling-necessity) that the FTAA has its merits. The new trade provisions will aid corporate success by removing governmental regulations and closing legal loopholes. Success in this area means the stimulation of economic growth through capital investment and entrepreneurial communities. There is an audible public cry for better education, health care, and social services which can be addressed more expediently if the international community has a stake in the welfare of the local population. “Big business’ will move into Central and South America. The question is not when, it is how.

Attempting to superimpose North American managerial practices onto local Latin American organizations can be frustrating to the uninitiated manager if the ideas are not adapted to local cultural norm. This was the case when recently I built, partnered, and managed Tantra, named by American Airlines’s in-flight magazine as ‘The Best Nightspot in Santiago.” The training, team-building, structure and strategy employed at this highly successful restaurant and nightclub have their roots in a North American style formal business model. Yet, it the only way to utilize these ideas was by taking into consideration the employees local cultural aspects (personalities, expectations- work habits) and adapt these models to fit.

Foreign corporations planning to move operations to Latin America will face many similar challenges. The successful blending of business practices is going to require a bit of grease on the wheels in the form of specialized negotiators who understand both entities and all their particularities. It is my goal to position myself at the forefront of the global transition, to facilitate business between North and South America, while keeping true to the globalization credo of ‘transparency and accountability.’ If responsible business practices are employed, free trade measures will prove to be very beneficial for developing countries as well.

Practicing law in both Latin America and the United States, I have gained experience in the negotiation tactics of both cultures. My law background and my entrepreneurial experience have taught me the obstacles and issues involved in initiating and maintaining successful business. An MBA at this point in my career, would serve to round out my knowledge, giving me the tools I will need to achieve my goals.

The MBA program at Anderson provides the precise blend of coursework I will require. The many electives offered in Latin American economy and development will be a necessary adjunct to the study of organizational theory and macro economics that I’d like to undertake. I am especially interested in studying under Sebastian Edwards. A fellow Chilean, and sensitive to the complexities of emerging economies, he has earned a strong reputation as an innovator in modern economic thought. I also look forward to interchanging ideas and forming relationships with the highly qualified group of students Anderson attracts.

The world is changing at a rapid pace. Fortunately we are clear on its direction and the type of leadership it will require to reach its destination successfully. An MBA from Anderson would shape me into that leader, to initiate far reaching, beneficial changes and to be properly positioned at the forefront of this global transition.

I was given a credit card when I was 18 years old and wanted it to establish myself in order to have a credit history. I believe I have used my credit card to buy things that I couldn’t afford at the time but felt I would be able to afford at a later date not far down the road. Should my parents not have been able to pay for my college tuition and books I too would have had to take out a loan of some sort to pay for those fees. In the future once I receive my full license and feel more secure at my par time job I plan to take out a loan and buy a used car. This explains why I would use credit and what I would use credit for. Generally in the future I will use credit even more to purchase a house and maybe even a new car.

Does credit really prevent you from enjoying life in the future because of heavy indebtedness? Great question and the answer I believe lies in the person. Not realizing the extent of the consumers’ debt is one of the most common types of credit problems. Denial may play a partial role in this problem, but the lack of education seems to be the largest reason for consumer debt. Money helps you enjoy things you may not otherwise have had the chance to enjoy. To our advantage credit cards are accepted just about everywhere, “Credit card use is up 20% and a large number of Canadians do not know the percentage rate at which the credit card companies charge.”

Does the wise use of credit allow you to enjoy the future because it deliver goods now? Yes, using your credit properly and making the right choices would be the ideal way to establish yourself and create a balanced lifestyle. This although is very rare since the desire to buy things you want even though you cannot afford them is all to common and happens to the best of us. Reality hits when you receive the bill at the end of the month.

What sort of sources of credit would you use and how would you get it established? In the future I would use Installment credit to buy a car, major appliance, or furniture. As well I see myself taking a loan as a mortgage in order to buy a house. I believe I am establishing my credit slowly now with my credit card and my cellular phone which I have had for over two years. By trying to make the right choices and using my credit wisely I hope to stay away from major debt and only use credit when it is necessary to enjoy my life fully without the common stresses that debt can lead you into.

“To blame our current debt woes on the “credit card” would be naive at best and grossly mistaken at worst.”